翻訳と辞書 Words near each other ・ Communauté d'agglomération de la Région Dieppoise ・ Communauté d'agglomération de Mantes-en-Yvelines ・ Communauté d'agglomération de Marne et Gondoire ・ Communauté d'agglomération de Pau-Pyrénées ・ Communauté d'agglomération de Saint-Omer ・ Communauté d'agglomération de Sophia Antipolis ・ Communauté d'agglomération du Bassin d'Auvergne ・ Communauté d'agglomération du Bassin de Thau ・ Communauté d'agglomération du Calaisis ・ Communauté d'agglomération du Pays de Meaux ・ Communauté d'agglomération du Plateau de Saclay ・ Communauté d'agglomération Havraise ・ Commonwealth Steel Company ・ Commonwealth Stream ・ Commonwealth Study Conference ・ Commonwealth System of Higher Education ・ Commonwealth Table Tennis Championships ・ Commonwealth Taekwondo Championships ・ Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation ・ Commonwealth Televiews ・ Commonwealth Tenpin Bowling Championships ・ Commonwealth Theaters ・ Commonwealth Trade Union Group ・ Commonwealth Trading Bank Building ・ Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition ・ Commonwealth Transportation Board ・ Commonwealth Turf Stakes ・ Commonwealth United Entertainment ・ Commonwealth Utilities ・ Commonwealth v Bank of New South Wales Dictionary Lists mini英和辞書 mini和英辞書 Webster 1913 Latin-English FOLDOC Wikipedia English ウィキペディア

翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Commonwealth System of Higher Education ： ウィキペディア英語版 Commonwealth System of Higher Education The Commonwealth System of Higher Education is a statutory designation by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania that confers "state-related" status on four universities located within the state. The designation establishes the schools as an "instrumentality of the commonwealth"〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=State-Related Universities )〕 and provides each university with annual, non-preferred financial appropriations in exchange offering tuition discounts to students that are residents of Pennsylvania and a minority state-representation on each school's board of trustees. Legally, however, the universities remain separate and private entities, operating under their own charters, governed by independent boards of trustees, and with its assets under their own ownership and control thereby retaining much of the freedom and individuality of private institutions, both administratively and academically. It is the only public-private hybrid system of higher education in the United States that is so construed, although Cornell University, the University of Delaware, and Rutgers University represent alternative types of public-private university hybrids. Universities of the Commonwealth System are considered public universities by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching because they offer reduced tuition for citizens of the Commonwealth and therefore are often referred to as "public" universities in publications, by the state, and the schools themselves. Because their annual state allocations that supplement less than 10% of their budgets, universities in the Commonwealth System tend to have higher tuition costs compared to the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education which contains 14 state-owned and operated universities. Because of their independence, universities in the Commonwealth System are exempt from Pennsylvania's Open Records law except for a few minor provisions. ==History== Before the creation of the "state-related" legal status in the 1960s, Lincoln University, Temple University, and University of Pittsburgh were fully private universities.〔 Temple and Pitt were granted state-related status by acts of Commonwealth's legislature in 1965 and 1966, respectively, while Lincoln University, a historically black university, was designated as a state-related university in 1972.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=About Lincoln )〕 Although the Pennsylvania State University (Penn State) was founded as a private school, it was later designated as the Commonwealth's sole land-grant institution and repeatedly defined as a "state-owned university" in numerous official acts and Pennsylvania Attorney General opinions from its creation as a land-grant, then named the Pennsylvania State College, in 1855, and thus applicable to having its road system and buildings on state campuses constructed using state funding, paying its employees through state-issued checks and having them eligible to collect state employee retirement system benefits. Penn State was already treated and referred to as a public state-related university by the Commonwealth, including receiving non-preferred appropriations, when the other three universities were designated as state-related institutions by the legislature. In 1989, Penn State asserted a public status in court for the purpose of not having a private bank branch's operations on its University Park campus subject to local county taxes, while simultaneously asserting private status for the purpose of not having to reveal the salaries of its top administrative employees.〔Roy v. Pennsylvania State University, 568 A.2d 751, 130 Pa.Commw. 468 (1990); Pennsylvania State University v. County of Centre, 615 A.2d 303, 532 Pa. 142 (1992).〕 With the enabling legislation changing the failing Williamsport (PA) Area Community College to the affiliated "Pennsylvania College of Technology" in 1989, Penn State was reaffirmed as a "state-related" institution. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Commonwealth System of Higher Education」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.